Thanks for that Werner.
The dates mentioned in that article are in line with information I have known for some years.
The article I print below in return is usefull in that it highlights the spread of the disease worldwide, but it does have the dates wrong about when KHV was first diagnosed etc.
The info comes from a recent symposium in Germany.
quote.
Global occurrence of KHV by 5 December 2003
modified abstract of lecture at the Institut f?r Zoologie,
Fischereibiologie und Fischkrankheiten, University of Munich, Germany,
2 December 2003
Olga Haenen*, Dieter Fichtner, Sven Bergmann, Guiseppe Bovo, Ron Stagg,
Anders Hellstr?m, Brian Dall Schyth, Ellen Ariel, Fran?ois Lieffrig,
Hannele Tapiovaara, Eija Rimaila-P?rn?nen, Rudolf Hoffmann, Hideo
Fukuda, Nobuaki Okamoto, Keith Way, Jeannette Castric, Gy?rgy Csaba,
Oren Gilad, Ofer Ashoulin, Oliver Hochwartner, Oskar Schachner, Fiona
Geoghegan, C.V. Mohan (NACA), C. Michel, Pedro Smith, Eva-Maria Bernoth,
David Bucke, Trevor Hastings, J. Barja, Peter-Joachim Enzmann, Igor
Shchelkunov, Motohiko Sano, M. Yoshimizu
*) Head of the National Reference Laboratory of Fish and Shellfish
Diseases, CIDC-Lelystad, Institute for Animal Science and Health, P.O.
Box 2004, 8203 AA LELYSTAD, The Netherlands, E-mail:
olga.haenen@wur.nl
Koi Herpes Virus (KHV) is known to cause significant gill and skin
disease in koi and carp (Cyprinus carpio). Especially the big carps are
affected. Since its introduction KHV has spread rapidly over the world.
In this abstract you will find scientific data, obtained by personal
communication with Olga Haenen (via E-mail mostly from co-authors e.g.)
and literature, as far as known to the first author. Therefore, it
cannot be the total true global situation on KHV. However, in case of
KHV positive results, most data are to be taken serious. No special
rights can be taken from this abstract.
The development of KHV in the last few years is as follows:
EUROPE:
• Belgium: The disease is present since 1999 in koi, first in hobbyist
ponds, than in koi production sites. Mortalities varied, but reached
90%. Diagnosis was done by PCR. Some carps showed symptoms, but no KHV
was diagnosed.
• Denmark: One KHV outbreak in July 2002 in carps of <10 cm from a
wholesaler pond with disease (also SVCV was isolated), summer 2003: two
importers with Japanese koi (13-15 cm) were KHV positive from the same
source. KHV diagnosis was done by PCR on gill tissue.
• England: 36 outbreaks in 2002 in a wide range of carp sizes, all by
PCR, 9 also by virus isolation at KF-1 cells; outbreaks continued in
2003.
• Finland: no outbreaks sofar, never virus isolated from koi.
• France: KHV outbreak in 2003 in carps/koi (?) from Israel (Munich
meeting). They have tests stand by: virus isolation and PCR.
• Germany:
o Riems: 21 KHV cases in 2002 by PCR, virus isolation,
immunofluorescence, E.M., June 2003 67 cases, since June 123 cases (4-6
cases in carp) in all sizes of koi/carp, but mostly in bigger fish;
mortalities 50-100% (koi) and 80-100% (carps)
o Munich: regulary outbreaks: up to 60 in 2002 in all sizes of koi,
partly in common carp; mortalities up to 100%, with may be a tendency to
a reduced rate. In so called “survivors” or “immunized “carps only a few
deaths in combination with transport stress; method: PCR and histology
• Austria: first outbreak summer 2003 in koi in a private pond, tested
by PCR (M?nchen)
• Switzerland: KHV outbreak in 2003 (Munich meeting).
• Poland: exported common carps were KHV positive (Riems)
• Hungary: no outbreaks sofar, but some suspicions (Munich meeting)
• Luxemburg: KHV positive (Munich meeting)
• Italy: KHV positive (Munich meeting).
• Spain: no diagnosis yet and no suspicions of KHV
• Scotland: no outbreaks sofar
• Ireland: no outbreaks sofar
• Sweden: no outbreaks sofar, prevention by quarantaine with virus
isolation at KF-1 cells
• The Netherlands: >30 outbreaks since July 2002, by PCR, histology, of
which only 1 in 2002 by virus isolation. It occurred sofar only in koi,
and not in carp, mostly in big fish. Mostly the water temperature was
between 20 and 27?C. At 30?C mortality was halted.
• Russia: no suspicions, no outbreaks, but no diagnosis; the koi branche
grows in the mean time.
ASIA:
• Indonesia since April 2002 (NACA)(confirmed by PCR : Java since May
2002, 30% in carp; Sumatra since Nov 2002, 80% in carp), outbreaks
continued.
• Thailand: no KHV yet? It actively surveillances for KHV.
• Singapore: no KHV yet? It actively surveillances for KHV.
• Taiwan (January 2003: many outbreaks, >80% in koi, no confirmation
yet?),
• Philippines: probably KHV positive?
• Malaysia: probably KHV positive?
• Japan (pers.comm. N.Sano): KHV PCR tests are done since 2001. In
May-June 2003 the first outbreak occurred in common carp and koi of 1-3
kg in a river in Okayama Prefecture, Western Japan. Oct 2003 acute
mortalities occurred in Ibaraki Prefecture, Lake Kasumigaura (660 tons)
en Lake Kitaura (200 tons), Eastern Japan; mid Oct 2003 it peaked. The
water temp was 17?C. Phytoplankton bloom may have been the stress
factor. In the mean time 22 metric tons were distributed from Lake
Kasumigaura to 21 prefectures (Fukuda, pers.comm.). Mid Nov already 4
rivers were infected (Yoshimizu, pers.comm.) . By end Nov 2003
mortalities reached 1200 tons in total. Clinical signs included severe
gill necrosis and sunken eyes. There was new legislation in Japan since
July 2003 (requirement of an infection free certificate). Ibaraki
Prefecture has officially prohibited movements of common carp from the
affected areas to other areas. All koi shows were cancelled for Nov 2003.
• China: handpicked koi from China were KHV positive (CEFAS). In Hong
Kong, a KHV outbreak in 2001 killed many kois in 2 weeks (G.Chu).
• Other NACA (Network of Aquaculture Centres in Asia-Pacific)-countries:
Bangladesh, Cambodia, Hong Kong SAR, India, Korea (DPR), Myanmar, Nepal,
Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam. Other participating (non-member)
governments include Iran, Rep. of Korea, Lao PDR and Singapore: no
outbreaks yet.
MIDDLE EAST:
• Israel: May 1998 KHV was first diagnosed (Tinman & Bejerano, 1999)
after imports of koi from Europe. Since than it spread further. Israel
uses active immunisation schemes and developed an attenuated vaccine
(see below).
AFRICA:
• South Africa: There was an outbreak autumn 2003, in which KHV was
proven (meeting Munich)(details not known).
UNITED STATES: The disease was present since 1990; KHV was isolated from
diseased adult koi, showing irregularly colored gills (Hedrick et al.,
2000). See references.
SOUTH AMERICA:
• Chile: no outbreaks of KHV yet.
• further more no data available.
AUSTRALIA: No outbreaks yet.
In 2001-2003 the EU reference laboratories of fish diseases discussed
the impact of KHV related to possible notification. It was decided from
the discussion to keep KHV a non notifiable disease, because of the
problems of diagnosis.
Diagnosis: KHV replicates at Koi Fin-1 cells (developed by Hedrick et
al., 2000), and also at Common Carp Brain cells (CCB)(Neukirch et al.,
2001).More and more labs use the PCR. Antisera from rabbit and
monoclonal antibodies are produced in Riems. Riems also developed
transfection and electroporation of KHV for research and in future
diagnosis. New tests are also in development in Munich. At CEFAS, a
nested-PCR assay is in development for screening of KHV carriers.
Furthermore, CEFAS has developed an in situ hybridisation assay, for
localisation of KHV DNA in infected fish tissues, and a modified PCR
assay for detection of DNA in archive fixed and paraffin-embedded tissue
(Way et al., pers.comm. 2003). This enables to trace KHV back in archive
material. Gilad (pers.comm.) developed further an ELISA and Taq Man PCR
for KHV. The latter test has the advantage, that from 10 KHV molecules
the amount of virus can be traced.
In Munich cohabitation experiments were done, also for detection of
latent infections. CEFAS did virus transmission studies with various
species of cyprinid fish: only carp were affected. In Japan, Tanaka
studied the KHV outbreaks in Indonesia: almost all KHV positive fish
also had Flavobacterium columnare and it occured also at >28˚C. Gilad
(pers.comm.) did bath exposures to KHV: at 28?C disease developed
quicker than at 22?C, than at 18?C. At 13?C no mortality was seen from
KHV. Riems studies cell cultivation of carps with KHV.
There is one publication about a KHV vaccine (Ronen et al., 2003): a
live, attenuated vaccine of non-pathogenic virus. They named the disease
Carp Nephritis and Gill Necrosis (CNG) of koi, caused by the virus CNGV.
Gilad studied a formaline killed injectable KHV vaccine, and challenged
with KHV 6 weeks after immunization: no protection was found. Gilad
studies passive immunization and the use of injectable anti herpesvirus
drugs, like Acyclovir?.
Israel uses an immunization scheme for 3 month old kois (Ofer Ashoulin,
OATA, Hull, pers.comm): They are kept for 5 days at 23-24?C in
cohabitation with diseased KHV positive older kois. Just before they get
diseased, the water temperature goes up to 30?C for at least 30 days,
which inhibits disease. Than the water temperature is lowered to 24?C.
The water quality is kept very well all the time. They sell the koi when
they are 10 months old. This method works even better with older koi,
they said. They claim, the kois are free of KHV after their
immunization. Moreover, they tested naturally resistant fish: They were
KHV PCR negative, they didn’t get KHV under stressful conditions, they
did not transmit KHV to naive fish following immunosuppression
treatment, and they were unable to transmit the disease following
cohabitation and injection with KHV.
KHV has become a world problem, and threatens now, after the koi, the
cultured and wild common carp populations. It is not yet a notifiable
disease. Should this soon be altered? The impact of the current global
situation of KHV is subject to discussion.
References
• Amita, K., Oe, M., Matoyama, H., Yamaguchi, N. and Fukuda, H. (2002).
A survey of koi herpesvirus and carp edema virus in colorcarp cultured
in Niigata Prefecture, Japan. Fish Pathology 37(4): 197-198 (in Jap.
with English abstract and tables).
• Ariav, R., Tinman, S., and Bejerano, I. (1999). First report of newly
emerging viral disease of Cyprinus carpio species in Israel. Abstract of
poster, EAFP Conference, Rhodes, Sept 1999.
• Benet-Perelberg, A. et al., 2002. Characterization of resistant fish
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