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Two seperate issues on ponds...
structural: what holds the pressure of the water versus the pressure of the surround ground.
sealant: what keeps the water in the pond.
If you do a liner over bare dirt walls, you are depending on those walls not giviing way when it rains...etc. Better know your soil conditions VERY well to avoid a cave in!!!!
Another bare earth choice is to put in a geo textile fabric and then spray polyuera or othe sealant.
Another choice would be to the excavation, put in a rebar cage and blow in shotcrete or gunite....just like a swimming pool. Of course the BDs, skimmers and other ports will be for koi ponds...not swimming pools. You can then seal it CIM, plaster, polyurea, an epoxy...etc.
Another choice would be poured concrete floor with block walls. After the walls are rendered smooth, you can seal them with CIM, plaster, polyurea, epoxy.....etc.
Another choice would be poured concrete floor with poured concrete walls. The concrete could have a water proofing agent so that a sealant may not be necessary.
There are probably a few other ways to build a nice deep koi pond.
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