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I don't think that Japanese truly developed from Chinese. Yes, they have a lot of similar words, but the grammar structure shows the true difference. Japanese and Korean are extremely similar, enough so that when my friends play korean movies and I'm not paying attention, I automatically start trying to translate it. Same/similar sentence structure, particle use, etc. From what little I've seen of Chinese, it doesn't seem to work that way. Also, pitch plays a heck of lot larger role in Chinese than it does in Japanese. Sure, you could accidently be saying 'tank' instead of 'carwash'... but a chinese guy I know showed me how the same basic sound, using different pitches that I most certainly could only barely tell the difference between, created 4 completely unrelated words. Scary.
As for learning to read, I know a cheesy, boring, but really good way to at least be able to read hiragana, and thusly the furigana next to kanji, in just a couple days. A similar method could probably work for simple kanji too.
Step 1- Gather the materials:
Find yourself a horribly cheesy manga that's meant for like... 6 or 7 year olds.
Have a set of flashcards made out with all the hiragana symbols.
Have a pencil.
Step 2- Go insane from boredom:
Here is the fun part. You take the first flashcard, say it's 'ka', and then you go through at least 30 pages, front and back, of the manga circling 'ka' every time you see it, while also muttering the sound to yourself.
Then you take the next flashcard and repeat this. And you do it until you're ready to rip your eyes out.
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