I am sorry for your losses, I would suspect the meds firstly then other things. How long were they on this no feed regime? Of course you relaize that extended fasts in warm water will fatigue them and weaken them. I have seen koi have the same response to Melaflix and other meds when used according to directions, when used at half strength it seems to work just as good, but no mortalities.
A volcanoes can have an affect because the ash it releases contains sulfuric acid, which can plummet ph if a rain comes or a cloud of the ash comes in contact with the pond. That cloud may be invisible to the eye but might affect your allergies or breathing if dense enough. Not sure how far away you were or if a could of it may have drifted right over your pond and put the ash in contact with the water. Either way, it is sad to hear of such losses. It is a good thing your dealer did not let sick koi into his facility, then you might not be able to even buy replacements...
get back on the horse and ride, you love koi and this isn't your fault, if the treatment didn't kill them the ilness would have. Next time maybe make sure of more air and a different treament method is all. Tough and possibly quite expensive lessons. I don't think there is anyone here who has not lost a koi.